Solar energy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words - 1

Solar energy - Essay Example While comparing the solar energy with respective other renewable and non-renewable energy resources, solar energy remains advantageous in most situations. Non-renewable energy resources like coal and oil, solar energy is not only cheaper but environment friendly too. Solar energy is free from hazardous emissions that are mostly associated with the fossil fuel resources. Some of the perspective advantages of the solar energy are given below.2.1 Advantage:2.1.1 PredictableSolar energy remains predictable as solar thermal power generation units remain functional throughout the day without any influence of external resource or fossil fuel resource. In daytime, in the presence of sun, solar energy directly converts the thermal content of the solar energy into electrical energy, while some content of this thermal energy is used to enhance the temperature of molten salt that remains hot for longer terns and used to generate electrical energy during night.2.1.2 No Pollution and it save the e co-systems and livelihoods Solar energy is free from emission that are associated with the fossil fuel resources that solar energy is environment friendly and preserves the biodiversity of the planet by maintain the healthy environment for the humans. Solar thermal power generation units are thermal power generation units which require the thermal energy o change the water to super saturated stream for the generation of energy through turbines. Solar thermal energy requires no extra equipment in the power generation process.

Education, Teaching and Curriculum Essay Example for Free

Education, Teaching and Curriculum Essay Education has always been an important aspect in the course of personal and societal development as a whole. Every individual has an urge and personal willingness to learn valuable information that varies from either practical knowledge o scientific ones. However, all of these relevant informations are very much needed by every individual to be able to develop their own self and become self-sufficient and productive members of the society. Education has many methodologies from which one individual can attain it in a scientifically formulated pattern. This is actually the main pattern accepted and utilized by all educational institution in their formal learning process and even implemented by those who implement informal ones. Gradual and progressive pattern is the most effective and easiest way used in learning process because it mainly accommodates normal brain development and innate learning abilities of the person. In this learning process, the main methodology commonly used in the per curriculum basis encompassing teaching instructions for learning individuals. Curriculum is literally defined in education as a set of courses regarding different classes or subjects offered in different educational institutions such as a school or a university. Embedded in its process are different specific classes for minor and major aspects that are all conjoined in adherence to the course objective of the entire curriculum. This is actually formulated and expressed in terms of its learning outcomes and for the development of the students taking up the said curriculum. Curriculums in general, whatever its subject or class is, are all created to envelope the learning process of individuals learning their specific course to develop and acquire valuable and relevant skills in that specific field. The main learning approach commonly used in the curriculum teaching is based on a set of instruction, which are all directed to guide the students in the gradually process of learning in the curriculum. Instructions are a basic aspect of the learning process. They are all formulated to guide students in their gradual learning process in their respective fields. In educational curriculum, instructions serve as a form of communicated information that has a command and explanation nature. Thus, instructions are descriptive explanations for how an action, behavior, method, or task is to be begun, completed, conducted, or executed. Because of their significant relevance to the learning process of individuals, instructions are explicitly used in the approach system and learning process in a curriculum. Learning instructions are generally formulated and given to students to guide them in discovering and thus learning the different specific informations and processes that are significant in the execution and completion of their respective subjects that are enveloped in their curriculum. With consideration of the definition and significant or the two main aspects in the learning process, curriculum and instruction have a direct relationship with each other. In the education aspect, curriculums are generally composed of specific set of instructions in specific subjects based on its respective course. Instruction are formulated and applied by the educational institutions to guide and educate explain to their students the knowledge and information in the different subjects encompassed in the gradual learning process of their different curriculums in every courses or fields. Thus, curriculum and instructions go side-by-side in systematically developing and directing the educational system to better address the normal mental development and innate learning process of the students thus encouraging more productive and efficient learning approach for the society. In terms of the higher level of educational set up, the curriculums offered as well as the regulations are diversely changed to apply to the demands required for the learners. Obviously, the requirements of concentration and focus from the students are heightened. However, this does not add the directly instructional as compared to that of the lower levels of learning. Obviously, this is primarily because of the fact that the students in this level are already matured enough to be still instructed on what they are supposed to do. The students are rather expected to place higher concentration and intend to pursue in a better level of focus on the proper learning attitude needed for them to survive this particular stage of learning. The instance of being able to survive the scholastic challenges presented by the higher and more demanding environment of education is a primary achievement among those who are concentrating to attain the best out of their learning in this level of educational state. Most of the time, the students are known to be pressured in this set up, but all these procedures are strongly applied to actually help in the process of making the students see the real implications of their lessons in actual life.

Essay --

Ronald Perkins Julialicia Case 12/8/2013 Troubles of Social Media In today’s society the youth of the world are almost fully dependent on technology and social media. They are participants of these websites without thinking about or being aware of the consequences of their constant abuse. These social sites are made to keep everyone in the world connected with each other. They were made to make news and the information of today accessible and relative to everyone. These good and honest intentions have been transformed into so much more. These websites such as Facebook, Twitter, Instagram, and the infamous Youtube are now used as a way to avoid or emphasize the troubles and problems of people’s everyday lives. A way for people to encourage and reinforce the stereotypes, trends, and other irrelevant and negative influences placed on society by pop culture. Everyone constantly points out the positive effects of these social medias without making notice of the many health problems they lead to in today’s youth. There are too many users and supporters of these social medias that do not understand some of the problems that are caused to by them. Social media can cause disorders like insomnia at a more advanced stage. Think of all your friends or even most of the youth as an example. Almost everyone uses social media all through the day and night and we can all agree on hearing or seeing someone make a post and comments well into the night on either Facebook or Instagram on several occasions. While there are some who love their sleep most of today’s youth spend their nights on social media. Studies have shown that there is a clear connection that the overuse of social media will lead to results in things like leaving comments, twe... ... some its many flaws such as ruining and preventing meaningful and face-to-face verbal and nonverbal connections. People tend to overuse and overdo the things that world has to offer that gives them the most joy or comfort. When people do this they take something that is wonderful and extraordinary and make them simplistic and harmful. I’m not saying a person shouldn’t use these social media in fear of obtaining a mental illness but to use them in moderation. To create a stable and balanced portion of time for the virtual world of wonder and limitless potential and the real world full of excitement and mystery. Isabella Mori, I. (2010, July 06). Social media and mental health. Retrieved from http://brainblogger.com/2010/07/06/social-media-and-mental-health/ Merriam-Webster.com. Depression.(n.d.). Retrieved from http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/depression Essay -- Ronald Perkins Julialicia Case 12/8/2013 Troubles of Social Media In today’s society the youth of the world are almost fully dependent on technology and social media. They are participants of these websites without thinking about or being aware of the consequences of their constant abuse. These social sites are made to keep everyone in the world connected with each other. They were made to make news and the information of today accessible and relative to everyone. These good and honest intentions have been transformed into so much more. These websites such as Facebook, Twitter, Instagram, and the infamous Youtube are now used as a way to avoid or emphasize the troubles and problems of people’s everyday lives. A way for people to encourage and reinforce the stereotypes, trends, and other irrelevant and negative influences placed on society by pop culture. Everyone constantly points out the positive effects of these social medias without making notice of the many health problems they lead to in today’s youth. There are too many users and supporters of these social medias that do not understand some of the problems that are caused to by them. Social media can cause disorders like insomnia at a more advanced stage. Think of all your friends or even most of the youth as an example. Almost everyone uses social media all through the day and night and we can all agree on hearing or seeing someone make a post and comments well into the night on either Facebook or Instagram on several occasions. While there are some who love their sleep most of today’s youth spend their nights on social media. Studies have shown that there is a clear connection that the overuse of social media will lead to results in things like leaving comments, twe... ... some its many flaws such as ruining and preventing meaningful and face-to-face verbal and nonverbal connections. People tend to overuse and overdo the things that world has to offer that gives them the most joy or comfort. When people do this they take something that is wonderful and extraordinary and make them simplistic and harmful. I’m not saying a person shouldn’t use these social media in fear of obtaining a mental illness but to use them in moderation. To create a stable and balanced portion of time for the virtual world of wonder and limitless potential and the real world full of excitement and mystery. Isabella Mori, I. (2010, July 06). Social media and mental health. Retrieved from http://brainblogger.com/2010/07/06/social-media-and-mental-health/ Merriam-Webster.com. Depression.(n.d.). Retrieved from http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/depression

The Pigman Essay

The 40 Developmental Assets are the positive building blocks that young people use to guide them to a successful future. These assets can even be seen in fictional book called The Pigman by Paul Zindel. One of the 40 developmental assets thats in The Pigman is â€Å"responsibility†. Responsibility is the ability to act or decide something by yourself. Responsibility or lack of responsibility is seen in The Pigman when John and Lorraine take responsibility for their lies, when John and Lorraine throw a wild party at Mr. Pignati’s house, and how John always drinks and smokes.One way responsibility is seen in The Pigman is when John and Lorraine take responsibility for their lies. Well, at the beginning of the book, we learned that John is a frequent liar. He lies to get out of trouble. So he told Mr. Pignati that they are charity workers. Later on in the book, John reveals that him and Lorraine aren't adult charity workers and says, â€Å" We just had to be honest with y ou because we like you more than anyone we know. † (Zindel 102) That quote showed that John was really starting to care for Mr.Pignati and he didn’t want to live his life on one big lie. In this way, John and Lorraine took responsibility for their lies they created. One way responsibility isn’t seen in The Pigman is when John and Lorraine threw a wild party at Mr. Pignati’s house. One day out of the blue when John, Lorraine and Mr. Pignati were hanging out, Mr. Pignati had a terrible heart-attack and was rushed to the hospital. John thought it was a great idea to throw a party so he said, â€Å" Don’t you think Mr. Pignati wants us to have a social life? He smiled, his great big eyes glowing. (130) That quote doesn't relate to responsibility because during the party many things happened that John and Lorraine didn’t anticipate to happen. Music was played so loud, you could hear it outside. Also Mr. Pignati’s precious pigs got destroye d and his dead wife Concetta's dress got ripped and ruined. In this way, John and Lorraine didn’t take responsibility for their actions. Another way responsibility isn’t seen in The Pigman is how John is always smoking and drinking. Well, in the beginning of the book, Lorraine was talking about John’s dad and how he was a heavy drinker until he developed sclerosis of the liver.And she thinks he influenced John to do these things at a very young age. Lorraine is always trying to show John what drinking and smoking can do to you. Once Lorraine showed John the book on Sigmund Freud and said, â€Å"I almost had him convinced that smoking was an infantile, destructive activity when he pointed out a picture of Freud smoking a cigar on the book's cover. † John replied, â€Å"If Freud smokes, why can't I? † Then Lorraine said, â€Å"Freud doesn't smoke anymore†¦. He's dead. † (8) This quote shows that John really doesn’t care that smokin g and drinking can do terrible things to your body.He doesn’t care because he drinks and smokes to escape his problems. In this way, John isn’t taking responsibility for his own health. One of the 40 Developmental Assets thats seen in the novel The Pigman by Paul Zindel is â€Å"responsibility†. When John and Lorraine take responsibility for their lies, when John and Lorraine throw a wild party at Mr. Pignati’s house, and how John always drinks and smokes are some ways The Pigman shows characters acting responsibly and characters acting irresponsibly. Its clear when people act responsibly things turn out much better for everyone.

Honor in Othello and Hamlet Essay

Being one of the central themes in Othello and Hamlet, honor is used in very strange ways by Shakespeare. He has a way of showing how his characters can be very honorable or have a lack there of. He displays how honor is interwoven with personal integrity and how acts of attempting to keep a reputation can be confused with the acts of personal integrity. Lastly, he also displays how honor relates to the foresight seen by his characters. Honor can be connected to almost any actions made by any of the characters in these plays. He really keeps the readers/viewers guessing at what the motivations are for all of his characters. I will take a look into these motivations and explain my thoughts on such things. In these plays, honor is very important to the characters. It is a driving force, of sorts, for much of what the characters do. Along with that, judgments made about certain characters, by other characters, are almost always based on honor. In Othello specifically, honor connects almost all of the actions and judgments throughout the play. Honor seems to be one of the main reasons Desdemona fell in love with Othello. Being much older and having so many military accomplishments sent Othello into an honorable light in Desdemona’s eyes. To me, that seems to be the sole reason she fell in love with him, in the first place. His own character influenced her love thereafter, but initially, I believe it was solely his honor. Cassio is also attracted to this quality in Othello. His platonic love for Othello is based around how honorable Othello has been in his life, prior to the end of the play. In Iago’s eyes, however, Othello’s honor means nothing. He cannot comprehend why Othello got the job he has, while he is stuck in the same position. Iago gives the impression that Othello’s honor is almost a negative thing in his eyes. Despite Iago’s negative views, every judgment about Othello is based on how honorable he is. His behavior prior to the end of the play shows this honor as well. In opposition to the honorable basis of thoughts about Othello, many characters choose less honorary behavior and are viewed dishonorably by other characters. Iago is a prime example of this. Not only do you see the lack of honor in quite literally everything Iago does, but you witness these negative thoughts about him as well. From Othello, you hear the sarcastically said â€Å"honest Iago†, and from Emilia, you hear many a complaint. Iago’s dishonorable behavior even produces dishonorable behavior from Emilia. She makes it seem like she constantly cheats on Iago, because of his neglectfulness. Dishonorable behavior is just followed by more dishonorable behavior, in Shakespeare. This could not be more true when it comes to Hamlet. The entire play is based around the central occupation of greediness and revenge. The play starts off with the fact that King Hamlet has died. Right away, when Hamlet talks to the ghost of his deceased father, we find out that he was killed by his brother Claudius. This one event (not to belittle it) sparks a string of dishonorable behavior from Hamlet, who was once considered to be a very honorable intelligent young prince. Hamlet’s cunning, yet destructive, behavior however, could be argued as honorable, to a point, by some. His actions are based on the need for justice, which most people have within themselves. They are done in order to avenge his father’s death and make right in the world. This could be argued to be a noble and honorable cause. It could be, but I don’t think it would necessarily carry much weight. Sure, the cause behind his actions are great, but the way he goes about achieving that cause loses much, if not all, validity. He tries to make right, but in the process of it all, he hurts Ophelia, which causes her to commit suicide, he mistakenly kills Polonius (with little or no remorse), and his actions lead to the death of almost all other characters. Hamlet should, of course, not be blamed entirely for these incidences. Obviously Claudius should bare more burden when it comes to all of these deaths. In means of applying this theme of dishonorable behavior being followed by more of the same: you could also argue that if Claudius had not killed his brother, than Hamlet may have never become as dishonorable as he became. He was, after all, in school, away from the kingdom. Presumably, Hamlet could have married Ophelia and led an honorable life as king after the natural death of his parents. ————- When it comes to Shakespeare’s characters, there seems to be something missing: Integrity. While characters may have some personal integrity within themselves, there doesn’t seem to be many that are driven by what is right, rather than driven for their own gains. Want of personal integrity lags far behind the want of reputation in these plays. There’s an abundance of instances where characters act with integrity, but few show this integrity throughout an entire play. A good example is Michael Cassio. For the first part of the play, to me, he seemed to have a lot of integrity. Despite his dispute after drinking, he felt terrible about it, and he wanted to make it up to Othello. It sounded like all he wanted was forgiveness from his good friend. That made him have a lot of integrity in my eyes. But in the end, he’s seen visiting the prostitute and leading her along, for the fun of it. Last of all, foresight in Shakespeare appears to be a quality with positives and negatives. The two largest forms of foresight in these two plays would have to be that of Hamlet and that of Iago. In terms of Hamlet: forgetting the terrible acts of violence and vulgarity that he committed in the spur of the moment, Hamlet’s foresight, when it came to Claudius, was very honorable. His use of foresight was to avenge his father’s death and to find justice in the world. Anything Hamlet did that was dishonorable had nothing to do with foresight; it had to do with his impulsiveness. In the other spectrum of things, Iago’s foresight is unquestionably dishonorable. His ability to perceive how people will react and what they will do in the future, while revered by Shakespeare the world over, is one of the most dishonorable instances in Shakespeare. His manipulation of people is only means of pitting them against each other in order to help himself in the future. After reading these plays, it is hard to decide whether or not honor can still be legitimately given to any character. In my eyes, Hamlet, Cassio, Iago, and Othello have all lost real honor. Sure, aside from Iago, the others have done honorable things, but I don’t think I could attribute any of them honor fully. The only characters I would consider giving that to would be Desdemona (for trying to save Othello at the end of the play) and possibly Horatio (for helping Hamlet discover find out about Claudius and choosing to not die in order to tell his friends story). I don’t think I could do that however, because these acts of honor do not serve entirely large parts of the plays. Honor is apparently a fickle thing. It will come and go in Shakespeare’s world. His plays make it very clear that he doesn’t believe many people can be truly honorable. Every once in a while he will convince us that one of his characters has this quality through and through, but he then snags that away from us. I’m convinced that, in these two plays, there is no truly honorable character. Some come close at moments, but spoils are constantly brought.

North Carolina During the Revo essays

North Carolina During the Revo essays The colony of North Carolina faced problems unique to itself preceding the Revolution. The colony had a general low diversity in its population, with most citizens being farmers. It suffered from internal unrest just before the American Revolution as a result of the War of Regulation (1768-1771). Also contributing to civil dismay within the colony was the large population of Tories, which later led to an overwhelming sense of anti-federalism within the colony. These factors contribute to a colony drowning in its own turmoil by the time any blood is shed on its land during the war itself (Crow 2). Farmers comprised the majority of the population in North Carolina at the time. The population was scattered with low density across the region from the coastline all the way to the Blue Ridge. There was no real presence of a colonial aristocracy. Most of the higher class evolved from families in the Albemarle and Cape Fear areas. Because of the low diversity throughout the colony, no real gentry class arose (Crow 2). There was a tremendous population increase around the middle of the 18th century (Crow 1). New settlers immigrated to the colony from Maryland Pennsylvania and New Jersey (Powell 105). The backcountry of the state filled, and with the population increase, they demanded more representation in the assembly. The easterners held power and opinion during that time, and refused to compromise. This in turn led to the War of Regulation in 1768, which pitted North Carolinian against North Carolinian. It was this variety of civil unrest that bred the staunch sectionalism within the Colony of North Carolina. There was never a real common thread of unity within the colony up to, and even after, the Revolution (Crow 2). The Tory population in North Carolina greatly outnumbered the Patriots. Here we have another example of the die-hard sectionalism in the Carolinas. It is always, North-South, East-West, Tory-Whig, or wha...

Impact of Money Supply Essays

Impact of Money Supply Essays Impact of Money Supply Essay Impact of Money Supply Essay European Journal of Scientific Research ISSN 1450-216X Vol. 41 No. 2 (2010), pp. 314-322  © EuroJournals Publishing, Inc. 2010 eurojournals. com/ejsr. htm Impact of Money Supply on Current Account: Extent of Pakistan Sulaiman D. Mohammad Department of Economics, Federal Urdu University, Karachi E-mail: [emailprotected] om Abstract The purpose of this research is to find out the empirical association among money supply, current account, exchange rate, and industrial production, for this purpose we have used (Johansen, 1988) co integration technique to analyze the long run relationship and Error Correction model to estimate the short run dynamics by using annual data for the period of 1975 to 2008. The domestic variables support long run relationship and weak relation in short run. Fragile combination of fiscal and monetary policy, finding supports Jcurve theory and expenditures switching affect theory. Keywords: Money supply, Current Account, Co-integration JEL Classification: C5, E5, F4 1. Introduction Economic management, stabilization and adjustment of any developing country are totally concern with the main instruments of an economy, monetary policy and foreign exchange rate. In most of developing economies real exchange rate shows the international competitiveness and high inflation as a result of currency devaluation and expansionary monetary policy. Monetary policy refers to implementations of central bank or monetary authorities that focusing on supply and availability of money regarding to reduce unemployment and control inflation. Keynesian economists argue expansionary monetary policy lead to economic growth, Monetarists explain ideal condition for maintaining inflation and steady growth is constant or slow increase of money supply. There are many types of monetary policies which focus on inflation, exchange rate and money supply. Monetarists believe in money supply targeting policy. In exchange rate targeting policy authorities adopt pegged exchange rate and some time devalue local currency in case of developing countries, exchange rate targeting policies lead to increase black economy. In inflation targeting or price level targeting policies central bank adjust interest rate according to economic condition. Interest rate plays a key role towards maintaining output gap and inflation (John B. Tylor). Some European and Asian countries, as well as Pakistan is also practicing inflation targeting policies. In case of our country both policies inflation targeting and exchange rate targeting polices simultaneously practiced but these policies did not show significant impact. What were the main reasons, economists argued that there is no coordination between fiscal and monetary policies. The statistical facts of money supply for last few decades mentioned in appendix. A wide ranging empirical literature has documented deferred and constant effects of monetary policy shocks on output. Theoretically real interest rate, inflation and the industrial production are the Impact of Money Supply on Current Account: Extent of Pakistan 315 result of money supply, expansionary policy leads to depreciate currency and current account deficit in short run while, contractionary monetary shock leads to current account surplus in short run (Jaewoo Lee). Many economists have examined that fluctuation in the central fund rates are a significant proxy for changes in monetary policy. Central fund rate have significant impact on macroeconomic aggregates but after 1980 it has been seen good measure of monetary policy but its impact on macroeconomic aggregates are not considerable (Nathan S. Balke Kenneth M. Emery). (Michael B. Devereux and Hans Genberg) examined by using open macro economic model in the case of China, expansionary monetary policy leads to increase in the real output and permanent price level for the time being, some countries have been selected like Hong Kong and Philippines. It is found an international imbalance have high significant correlation with China exchange rate appreciation. This study shows the positive domestic effect on international economies. Moreover, results emphasize the rising significance of China for its adjacent economies (Tomasz J. Kozluk Aaron N. Mehrotra ). (Lu Min) analyzed a two sectors in a small open economy. Applying general equilibrium approach of expectation they examined current account sensitivity to monetary policy shocks depend on the elasticity of substitution among investment, consumption and risk aversion and in case of a small open economy, current account efficiently react to technological shocks. In case of France, Italy, UK, the monetary policy shocks impact on balance of trade as a result with Expenditure-switching effect and also found a little support J-curve effect (Soyoung Kim). Money supply can be defined in Pakistan that the financial assets are highly liquid among other variables. M2 money supply variable is usually considered as proxy of money supply in most of the cases and it has a closed substitution of liquid asset as well as show the financial assets have used as medium of exchange ( Mahmood-ul-Hasan Khan Fida Hussain). J-curve theory explains the sensitivity of trade variables import and export due to devaluation or depreciation of currency. t first the depreciation in currency leads to deficit in current account and expansive import, but later on access in international market having ease competing with foreign producers cause reduce cost after some period, consequently the volume of export and price of imports increased cause to reduce the current account deficit. Inverted J-curve shows currency again get back to the appreciation. This research shows that the empirical evidence of money supply on current account variables such as import, export, net factor payment and real interest rate, exchange rate, inflation and industrial production. Impact of money supply on economy is sizzling issue of existing scenario, some fruit full detail of money supply in Pakistan find in appendix of this article. Section 1 provide introduction and literature review section 2 an 3 shows data source methodology section 4 and 5 provide result of study and recommendations. 2. Data Source Model Specification We have used time series data from 1975 to 2008. Data has taken from State bank of Pakistan’s web site, World bank data site (WDI) and International finance statistic (IFS) site. Given variables defined as; R denotes short term real interest rate, M denotes monetary aggregate M2, CPI denotes consumer price index, IP denotes industrial production, XR denotes real exchange rate NFP denotes the net factor payment, EX denotes Export and IM denotes proxy of Import. The model of our study is M= ? 0+ ? 1EX + ? 2IM + ? 3R+ ? 4CPI+ ? 5IP+ ? 6XR+ ? 7NFP+â‚ ¬ 3. Econometrics Methodology In multivariate model case, Johansen co integration technique is used to find association between the variables. This study consists six variables therefore, Engle Granger technique is not applicable because it is used for bivariate model. 16 Sulaiman D. Mohammad Generally, empirically evidences confirm that numbers of the macro variables are nonstationary series with traditional approach of ordinary least square (OLS) give the possibility of spurious regression. The non stationary in the variable can be removed by differencing the time series variable. Further objects the similar on the position that such a method involves failure of potential long run information of the data. In this situation, co integration and Error correction techniques hold long run information has been recommended. Co integration method deals with spurious regression and Error correction reflects short run dynamics and attempts to positive causal association. A series that is stationary are differencing â€Å"d† and denoted as I (d). Augmented Dickey Fuller Test also identified as unit root test are employed for testing the stationary and non stationary of the series. ADF testing the subsequent regression equation: ? Yt Y + t + ? ? 2 ? Yt ? k + ? t = ? + ? t ? 1 Where Yt stands for a time series, ? stands for a first difference, T stands for a linear trend, ? stands for a constant and ? is an error term. The null hypothesis of unit root is 0 = ?. If any variable is known to be non stationary it may be tested for stationarity at first difference. If any variable is found stationary at first difference then bivariate co integration test will be implied to recognize the association between variables. In this study Johansen test (1988) method is employed for co integration because of multivariate model. This co integration technique is employed to find out the number of co integration vector (Kerry Patterson). If any variable is co integrated, it reflects that there must be existence of an error correction in series which represent as: ? M = ? + ? 1 ? EX + ? ? IM + ? 3 ? R + ? 4 ? CPI + ? 5 ? IP + ? 6 ? XR + ? 7 ? NFP + ? 8 ? t ?1 + ? Where the error correction term is stationary residual form co integration equation. ECM reflects the ? 8 ? t ? 1 ? coefficient’s significance whether it is to be negative or positive which reflects the short run dynamics of the model. 4. Result Analysis Recent advancement in the field of eco nometrics refers that number of macroeconomics variables series are non-stationary. This influence described such regression is spurious and unpredictable to forecast, if the variables are not found stationary or integrated at different orders. Thus it is essential to verify stationarity of the variables of time series data prior to evaluating the long run association between variables. Table 1: Variables Import Export R CPI IP XR NFP M Significant at 5%level, Lag () Unit root test ADF (Augmented Ducky Fuller) Level with intercept and trend (lag length) 1. 90522(0) 1. 30590 (0) 2. 565322 (0) 3. 212361 (1) 3. 159647 (3) 1. 754631 (1) 2. 32541(3) 1. 95214(3) First Difference with intercept and trend (lag length) 6. 805222(1) 6. 579430 (1) 5. 422587 (0) 4. 646054 (5) 4. 366135 (5) 7. 389702 (0) 4. 23000(1) 5. 32511(1) The table-1 shows the result of unit root test found from using the Augmented Dickey Fuller (ADF) test. This test has been evaluating the stationarity in the variables with trend and intercept. After evaluated the stationarity at level, our result reflects that there is non stationarity in the data series therefore, we test out the stationarity at first difference, and hence our result exhibits that all the variables are stationary at first difference, now ADF equation is employed again with trend and Impact of Money Supply on Current Account: Extent of Pakistan 317 intercept. The brackets values exhibit the lag length of difference variables and all variables are integrated at first order i. e. is I (1). After evaluated the stationarity between the variables, result postulates that the data is integrated at second order and our next step to verify the long run association between variables whether it is exist or not, for this purpose the Johansen co integration test has been used and its findings in table-2 and table-3 as: Table2: Johensen Co integration test (trace value) Alternative Hypothesis r=1 r=2 r=3 r=4 r=5 r=6 Maximum trace statistics 240. 5128* 157. 804* 97. 22221* 57. 29995* 27. 08921 8. 609252 5% critical value 125. 6154 95. 75366 69. 81889 47. 85613 29. 79707 15. 49471 P-Value 0. 0000 0. 0000 0. 0001 0. 0051 0. 0995 0. 4028 Null Hypothesis r=0 r=1 r=2 r=3 r=4 r=5 Table 3: Johensen Co integration test (Eigen value) Alternative Hypothesis rgt;1 rgt;2 rgt;3 rgt;4 rgt;5 rgt;6 Maximum Eigne Value 83. 23238* 60. 05818* 39. 92226* 30. 21074* 18. 479 96 7. 523857 5% critical value 46. 23142 40. 07757 33. 87687 27. 58434 21. 13162 14. 26460 probability 0. 0000 0. 0001 0. 0084 0. 0225 0. 1129 0. 4292 Null Hypothesis r=0 r=1 r=2 r=3 r=4 r=5 Table no. 2 and 3 shows the result of co integration test. The Johansen- Juselius co integration test illustrates that all these seven variables are co integrated of six vector as we saw in the given table2 and table-3, both maximum trace statistics and maximum eignen values reflect r=6 co integration equation. Optimal lag of VAR model is 2-lag by using Shewariz criterion therefore, the result shows six co integration equations in the VAR model postulates the long run association between variables. The subsequent table-4 exhibits the result of Error Correction Model equation as above given. The ECM is used to analysis the spurious correlation in the short run dynamic association among output, financial structure, physical and capital formation, and financial development. The long run dynamics show in the set of regression equations. Technically, Error Correction Technique calculates the pace of adjustment get back to Co-integrated associations. The ECM estimates a force influencing the integrated variables to go back their long-run relation when they deviate from the deviation (Banerjee, et al, 1994). An equation of error correction model as: ? M = ? + ? 1 ? EX + ? 2 ? IM + ? 3 ? R + ? 4 ? CPI + ? 5 ? IP + ? 6 ? XR + ? 7 ? NFP + ? 8 ? t ? 1 + ? Table 4: Variables D(Exp) D(Imp) D(R) D(CPI) D(IP) D(XR) D(NFP) UT(-1) Error Correction Method Result T-Value -2. 2 2. 8 1. 9 2. 1 2. 3 1. 85 -2. 6 -0. 3 P-Value 0. 02 0. 06 0. 08 0. 09 0. 01 0. 08 0. 05 0. 06 318 Sulaiman D. Mohammad The estimated lagged ECM [error correction term], UT(-1) is negative and highly significant. This result supports the co integration between the variables exhibited in table-3. The feedback coefficient is –0. 3, which advocates a normal adjustment process. Almost 30% of the disequilibria of the earlier year’s shock adjust back to the long run equilibrium association in the present year. 5. Conclusion Implication This research evaluated the effects of money supply on current account using a Johnson’s co integration approach for the economy of Pakistan from the period 1975 to 2008. Our model has exhibited a number of important findings which confirm the impact of monetary policy shocks on current account is dependable on expenditure switching effect, and our results also reflect the little evidence of J-curve impact. Our co-integration and ECM findings also support the theoretical analysis. Our main finding is that the monetary policy system has an important influence on the domestic variables (for instance, output and inflation), but has less influence on external variables such as current account and real exchange rates. In policy rules we have examined that the policy rules seem to work best overall therefore, central bank should target the domestic (producer) inflation. The central bank ought to focus to manage the impact of the currency depreciation on import price inflation rather than adjusting interest rates which help to keep stable producer prices. Our finding also suggests applying pegged exchange rate system due to the high valued currencies are not only lead to volatile inflation but also slow down economic growth. References [1] [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] [7] [8] [9] [10] [11] [12] David K. Backus and Patrick J. Kehoe, â€Å"International Evidence on the Historical Properties of Business Cycles†, The American Economic Review, Vol. 82, No. 4(Sep. , 1992), pp. 64-888 Balke, Nathan S. and Kenneth M. Emery (1994), `The Federal Funds Rate as an Indicator of Monetary Policy: Evidence from the 1980s, Economic Review, Federal Reserve Bank of Dallas, First Quarter, pages 1 16. Michael B. Devereux and Hans Genberg, â€Å"Currency appreciation and Current account adjustment†, HKIMR Working Paper No. 17/2006, December 2006 Tomasz J. Kozluk Aa ron N. Mehrotra , â€Å"The impact of Chinese monetary policy shocks on East Asia†, BOFIT Discussion Papers, 5/2008 Giovanni Olivei Silvana Tenreyro, â€Å"Shocks†, The American Economic Review, June 2007, Vol. 97, No. 3: 636-663. Soyoung Kim, â€Å"Effects of monetary policy shocks on the trade balance in small open European countries†, Economics Letters 71 (2001) 197–203 Lu Min, â€Å"Current account dynamics and optimal monetary policy in a small-open economy†,International Journal of Monetary Economics and Finance, Volume 2, Number 2, 1 May 2009 , pp. 166-193(28) Saqib, Najam-us and Aliya H. Khan (1988), â€Å"On an Empirical Definition of Money for Pakistan†, Pakistan Development Review, Vol. 27(4), pp 853-859. Bhuiyan, Rokon and Robert F. Lucas, 2007, â€Å"Real and Nominal Effects of Monetary Policy Shocks†, Canadian Journal of Economics, 40, 2, 679-702. Faust, Jon, and John H. Rogers, 2003, â€Å"Monetary Policy’s Role in Exchange Rate Behavior†, Journal of Monetary Economics 50, 1403-24. Jaewoo Lee, Current account and real exchange rate dynamics in the G7 countries Journal of International Money and Finance Volume 25, Issue 2, March 2006, Pages 257-274 Irfan Lal, Volatility of Monetary Policy in a Developing Economy: In Context of Pakistan, European Journal of Scientific Research Vol. 36 No. 2 (2009), pp. 172-183 Impact of Money Supply on Current Account: Extent of Pakistan [13] [14] [15] [16] [17] [18] [19] 319 Peng, X, M. A Marchant and M. R Reed. 004. Identifying Monetary Impacts on Food Prices in China: A VEC Model Approach. Paper Presented in the American Economics Association Annual Meeting. Denver, Colorado. August 1-4, 2004. Khan, Rana Ejaz Ali and Gill, Abid Rashid (2007): Impact of Supply of Money on Food and General Price Indices: A Case of Pakistan. Published in: IUB Journal of Social Sciences and Humanit ies , Vol. 5, No. 2 (2007): pp. 125-143. Ongan, Tevfik Hakan and Karabulut, Gokhan (2004): A Simple Model Of Currency Crises And Budget Deficits: The Case Of Turkey. Published in: Maliye Arast? rma Konferanslar? , Vol. 46, (2004): pp. 06-225. Columba: Narrow money and transaction technology: new disaggregated evidence. Forthcoming in: Journal of Economics and Business (2009) Abdul Qayyum, Capital Flows and Money Supply: The Degree of Sterilisation in Pakistan, The Pakistan Development Review 4. 42(2003): pp. 975-985 Arango, Sebastian Ishaq Nadiri, M. , 1981. Demand for money in open economies, Journal of Monetary Economics, Elsevier, vol. 7(1), pages 69-83. Mark L. Gertler , Current Account Dynamics and Monetary Policy, International Dimensions of Monetary Policy, pages 199-244 National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc 20 Sulaiman D. Mohammad Appendix Time Deposits M2 as % of Total Deposit GNP (1970-2007) In case of Pakistan the central bank uses these major tools of monetary pol icy: credit to commercial banks, interest rate channels , margin requirement and cash reserve ratios. Impact of Money Supply on Current Account: Extent of Pakistan 321 322 Growth Rates of Monetary Variables (%) Sulaiman D. Mohammad Where gM1: Represent the Growth Rate of Money Supply (M1) gM2: Represent the Growth Rate of Broad Money Supply (M2) gRM: Represent the Growth Rate of Reserve Money.

47 Confucius Quotes That Still Ring True Today

47 Confucius Quotes That Still Ring True Today Fame, as they say, is fickle. It may take years to reap it and, when you do, you may not have the time to enjoy the fruits of your labor. This was the case for Confucius, an ancient Chinese philosopher whose ideas still resonate today. Who Was Confucius? Kong Qiu, or Master Kong as he was known, did not live to see his days of glory. During his lifetime, his views were received with scorn. But that was about 2,500 years ago. Following his death, a handful of his dedicated followers passed on Confucius teachings to future generations in the book, The Analects of Confucius. Confucius philosophies remained in the archives of ancient Chinese history. As his teachings spread far and wide, his philosophies gained ground. It took many years after Confucius death for his philosophies to be appreciated and revered, but today, Confucianism is an ethical school of thought adopted by many thinkers around the world. Confuciuss Political Life Though Confucius served the Duke of Lu, a Chinese state, he made many enemies with the nobles of the land. His views antagonized the powerful nobles, who wanted the Duke to be a puppet in their hands. Confucius was exiled from the State of Lu for more than two decades, so he lived in the countryside, spreading his teachings. Confuciuss Ideologies and Philosophy Confucius gave great importance to education. He devoted his time to gain new insights and learned from renowned scholars of his time. He started his own school at the age of 22. At that time, China was undergoing a state of ideological turmoil; all around there was injustice, war, and evil. Confucius established a moral code of conduct based on human principles of mutual respect, good conduct, and familial ties. Confucianism along with Taoism and Buddhism became the three religious pillars of China. Today, Confucius is revered not just as a moral teacher, but a divine soul who saved the world from moral degradation. Confucianism in the Modern World There is a growing interest in Confucianism in China and other parts of the world. More and more followers of Confucianism are advocating a deeper study of his philosophies. Confucius ideals stand true even today. His philosophy on how to be a Junzi or the perfect gentleman is based on the simple ideology of love and tolerance. 47 Sayings From Confucius Here is one of Confuciuss sayings: It does not matter how slowly you go so long as you do not stop. In a few words, Confucius teaches us about patience, perseverance, discipline, and hard work. But if you probe further, you will see more layers. Confuciuss philosophies, which are similar to humanist thought, have significantly influenced spiritual and social thought. His views bear insight and depth of wisdom, you can apply his teachings in every sphere of life.   Confucian proverbs  have the power to transform lives, but they are not for casual reading. When you read them once, you feel the power of his words; read twice, and you will appreciate his deep thought; read them over and over again, and you will be enlightened. Let these Confucian quotes guide you in life. Everything has beauty, but not everyone sees it.They must often change who would be constant in happiness or wisdom.What the superior man seeks is in himself; what the small man seeks is in others.In a country well governed, poverty is something to be ashamed of. In a country badly governed, wealth is something to be ashamed of.It does not matter how slowly you go so long as you do not stop.When anger rises, think of the consequences.When it is obvious that the goals cannot be reached, dont adjust the goals; adjust the action steps.Faced with what is right, to leave it undone shows a lack of courage.To be able under all circumstances to practice five things constitutes perfect virtue; these five things are gravity, generosity of soul, sincerity, earnestness, and kindness.To see what is right, and not to do it, is want of courage or of principle.Fine words and an insinuating appearance are seldom associated with true virtue.Before you embark on a journey of revenge, dig two graves. Success depends upon previous preparation, and without such preparation, there is sure to be failure.Do not impose on others what you yourself do not desire.Mens natures are alike, it is their habits that carry them far apart.Our greatest glory is not in never falling, but in rising every time we fall.Real knowledge is to know the extent of ones ignorance.Hold faithfulness and sincerity as first principles.I hear and I forget. I see and I remember. I do and I understand.Respect yourself and others will respect you.Silence is a true friend who never betrays.The superior man, when resting in safety, does not forget that danger may come. When in a state of security he does not forget the possibility of ruin. When all is orderly, he does not forget that disorder may come. Thus his person is not endangered, and his States and all their clans are preserved.The will to win, the desire to succeed, the urge to reach your full potential... these are the keys that will unlock the door to person al excellence. Better a diamond with a flaw than a pebble without.Study the past if you would define the future.Wheresoever you go, go with all your heart.Wisdom, compassion, and courage are the three universally recognized moral qualities of men.Forget injuries, never forget kindnesses.Have no friends not equal to yourself.He who exercises government by means of his virtue may be compared to the north polar star, which keeps its place and all the stars turn towards it.He who learns but does not think is lost! He who thinks but does not learn is in great danger.He who speaks without modesty will find it difficult to make his words good.Life is really simple, but we insist on making it complicated.A superior man is modest in his speech but exceeds in his actions.Be not ashamed of mistakes and thus make them crimes.The more man meditates upon good thoughts, the better will be his world and the world at large.The superior man understands what is right; the inferior man understands what will sell. By nature, men are nearly alike; by practice, they get to be wide apart.He who will not economize will have to agonize.When we see men of a contrary character, we should turn inwards and examine ourselves.He with whom neither slander that gradually soaks into the mind, nor statements that startle like a wound in the flesh, are successful may be called intelligent indeed.If I am walking with two other men, each of them will serve as my teacher. I will pick out the good points of the one and imitate them, and the bad points of the other and correct them in myself.Choose a job you love, and you will never have to work a day in your life.If you look into your own heart, and you find nothing wrong there, what is there to worry about? What is there to fear?Ignorance is the night of the mind, but a night without moon and star.It is easy to hate and it is difficult to love. This is how the whole scheme of things works. All good things are difficult to achieve, and bad things are very easy to get. Without feelings of respect, what is there to distinguish men from beasts?

Visual Arts - Cultural Artifact Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Visual Arts - Cultural Artifact - Assignment Example This paper reviews one of the most famous speeches in history by Abraham Lincoln – the ‘Gettysburg Address’ which can definitely be considered to be a cultural artifact. It indicates the past history and the trying times which the United States was going through at that time. It also set a historical precedence be the abolition of slavery and its ultimate success of having a colored person as its president, Barack Obama. In the process, the speech will also be analyzed using the parameters set forth in Geert Hofstede’s cultural taxonomy. The Gettysburg Address as a cultural artifact: It could be said that each and every American has read or at least heard about this famous speech. It provides the reader a succinct picture about one of the most important periods in American history. This is because of two reasons. One is that it brought about total abolition of slavery. The second was that it had been achieved at great cost namely the Civil War. Historically , this period and the artifact that reflects it are extremely significant. The following excerpt from the speech has been immortalized and will be loved by every freedom loving person on this planet. â€Å"It is rather for us to be here dedicated to the great task remaining before us -- that from these honored dead we take increased devotion to that cause for which they gave the last full measure of devotion -- that we here highly resolve that these dead shall not have died in vain -- that this nation, under God, shall have a new birth of freedom -- and that government of the people, by the people, for the people, shall not perish from the earth† (Lincoln). There are several factors that the reader gets to know from the speech as well as the above line which is in fact the last sentence. The first is the feeling of pride that it communicates. It gives the reader the confidence that America will remain united and that it will continue to be a great nation in the future also. I n other words, the speech has the power to unite all Americans even today. The third is the language and the marvel in the sense that such a short speech can be so powerful. The one factor (to a person uninitiated with US history) is that there is no direct reference to slavery and its abolition. What it does indicate to such a person is that a civil war is going on and that people who believe in freedom should continue what has been started. A lot of people have given up their lives for this cause. It talks about freedom in general and also that the United States is a democratic country run by its people. The historical origin of this artifact is well-known and is a result of the South opposition abolition. Specifically, the speech was delivered in Gettysburg, Pennsylvania, on the 19th of November 1863 after one of the bloodiest battles of the War. Lincoln prepared the speech only the previous which was to commemorate the soldiers of both sides who had lost their lives in this part icular battle. It was held in the newly constructed cemetery that was to become the final resting place of Union soldiers (Beardsley). As mentioned earlier this literary artifact was created by Abraham Lincoln. It could be said that it was prepared and read by the President himself. It has not been and will never be modified or changed as it is a historical document of a real life event. The

Term Paper2 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

Term Paper2 - Essay Example There will be performance at Penn State Downtown Theatre centre Jan 4, Monday 2013. Tickets will be on sale at 6.00pm, Monday, Jan 4, in Bryce Jordan centre. Andrew York, the Granny winning classical guitarist will thrill classical movie lovers. The venue will be at Playhouse theatre Jan 28, Friday. Tickets will be on sale at 4.00pm, Friday, Jan 28, in Pennsylvania centre stage. Actors from Nommo performing arts company who specialize in Shakespeare’s plays, will perform ‘Romeo and Juliet’, due to public demand, at 9.00pm, Friday and Saturday, Feb, 13 and 14 in Penn State’s Schwad auditorium. Tickets will be on sale at 8.00am, Friday, Feb 13, in Penn State’s auditorium. As she is in her worldwide tour thrilling fans, she will perform at 8.00pm, Friday, March 10 at Eisenhower auditorium. Tickets will be on sale at 10.ooam, Thursday, March 9 and 10, at Eisenhower auditorium. There will be an amazing performance by the award winning Russian American kids’ circus at 5.00pm, Thursday, March 17, at Penn State Downtown theatre centre. Tickets will be on sale at 9.00am, Thursday, March 17, at Pennsylvania arts ticket centre. Orchestra lovers will be thrilled by the talented Shanghai Chinese Orchestra at 9.00pm, Friday, April 20 at Eisenhower auditorium. Tickets will be on sale at 10.00am, Thursday and Friday, April 19 and 29, at Eisenhower auditorium. Fans will be thrilled by this group’s technical prowess, versatility and expansion vision at 7.00pm, Thursday, May 3 at Bryce Jordan centre on campus ground. Tickets will be on sale at 8.00am, Thursday, May 3, at Arts ticket centre. There will be a performance by students of Penn state’s college of arts, and architecture centre for performing arts, at 7:30 p.m. Friday May 20, and 2 p.m. Saturday May 21. Tickets will be available at10.00am in Penn state’s college. Paintings of the entire undergraduate students in Penn State’s school of drawing and visual arts painting program

Accounting Theory - Comparison between Positive and Normative Approach Essay

Accounting Theory - Comparison between Positive and Normative Approach - Essay Example The study of accounting theory enables to understand our past and provide us with a positive reception of how our recent practices and problems came into being. A historical investigation also tells that certain problems are continuing and may not be capable of an everlasting solution, for example, accounting for intangible and changing price levels. The accounting theory’s development came up because of needs and changes in accounting concepts and techniques. The main purpose of accounting is to plan periodic matching of revenues and cost. The accounting theory is classified into positive and normative accounting theory. This paper will take into consideration the positive and negative approach of accounting theories; their advantages and disadvantages, comparison and relationships between the two and evidence supporting that where each of the approaches might be appropriate in the current economic and business environment. Positive Approach The positive approach in accountin g starts with observations of financial information of business firms and on the basis of recurring relationships proceeds to draw overview and principles of accounting. Financial and accounting information, hence, represents recurring relationships leads to the formulation of principles. Different steps involved in positive accounting theory are: doing the observations and then recording of all the observations, analysis and then doing classification of these observations in order to detect recurring relationships, inductive derivation of principles of accounting and generalizations from those observations which signify recurring relationships and last step is the testing of generalizations (Rao, 2006, p.57). This approach is appropriate in the business environment in order to explain and forecast management’s choice of standards through analysing the benefits and costs of particular financial exposures in relation to allocation of resources and to various individuals within the economy. This theory is based on the propositions that shareholders, managers, and politicians or regulators are rational and that they try to make the best use of their utility, which is related to their reward and therefore to their wealth. The preference of an accounting policy by any of these groups depends on a comparison of the relative benefits and costs of different accounting procedures in such a way so as to maximize their utility. For example, it will be appropriate in such a business environment where it is assumed that management takes into consideration the effects of the reported accounting of numbers on political cost, information production cost, tax regulation, management compensation, and constraints found in bond-indenture provisions. The fundamental idea of the positive theory is to develop hypotheses about factors that persuade the accounting practices and to test the legality of these hypotheses empirically.     

Essay about Karma Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

About Karma - Essay Example Nowadays, some people believe in karma, some don’t but I think the principle of karma is very fair and makes sense. Imagine how great it would be if all our actions and thoughts would influence our karma and then our life. It would certainly make the world a better place. I don’t know for sure, just as nobody else, if karma exists but I’d like to think it does. Let’s have a look at how it works in real life. There was this hockey game, Chicago was playing against Colorado. During the game one of the players wanted to hit the puck but missed and accidentally hit a player. The player got injured in the nose and as he was leaving the ice to get some help, one of the fans started making fun of his injury and calling him names. The player didn’t say anything and just left the rink. Several minutes after that one of the players did a bad hit on the puck and it accidentally flew over the glass fence that separates the spectators from players and hit one of the fans on the head. The funniest thing is that it was the same guy who was making fun of the player several minutes before that. The player then approached the fan and told him something. The fan probably learnt this lesson as he was laughing at himself at the end of the game. Some people might say that it was an accident and that these two injuries have no connection between them but I think that this situation shows us that being mean to people around you might in the end have negative effect on you. After all when you start thinking about it there is a lot of real life examples that prove this point, there is even a saying from the Bible that those you come with the sword will be killed with the same sword. What goes around comes around. You can call it karma or any other word you like but there is a system of justice in the world and sooner or later everyone gets what he deserves. That is why you should be good and kind with other people if you

Moon Melding Made Titan a Chimera Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Moon Melding Made Titan a Chimera - Essay Example It is clear from the paper that Titan does not have a magnetic field and at times it orbits around the magnetosphere of Saturn. This makes the Titan not to be exposed to the Solar winds. Solar winds are known to remove and ionize the atmosphere’s particles. Since Titan has a dense atmosphere that has hydrocarbons, scientists predicted that Titan has lakes of ethane and liquid methane on the surface. Voyager encountered the moon in 1980 and in 1981. The scientist was not in a position to see beneath the thick layer of the cloud. 25 years, spacecraft of Cassini was able to see the clouds and mapped the surface of the moon. The Radar images proved that Titan has a liquid lake. In summary, Titan was discovered by Christian Huygens in 1655. The diameter of the moon is 5151 km with 1,221,850 km from the Saturn. The rotational and orbital period of the moon is 15.9 days, with an orbital eccentricity and inclination of 0.0292 and 0.33 degrees respectively. Additionally, the moon has m ean surface temperature of -178 degree Celsius with a main atmospheric component of Nitrogen.

Essay about Karma Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

About Karma - Essay Example Nowadays, some people believe in karma, some don’t but I think the principle of karma is very fair and makes sense. Imagine how great it would be if all our actions and thoughts would influence our karma and then our life. It would certainly make the world a better place. I don’t know for sure, just as nobody else, if karma exists but I’d like to think it does. Let’s have a look at how it works in real life. There was this hockey game, Chicago was playing against Colorado. During the game one of the players wanted to hit the puck but missed and accidentally hit a player. The player got injured in the nose and as he was leaving the ice to get some help, one of the fans started making fun of his injury and calling him names. The player didn’t say anything and just left the rink. Several minutes after that one of the players did a bad hit on the puck and it accidentally flew over the glass fence that separates the spectators from players and hit one of the fans on the head. The funniest thing is that it was the same guy who was making fun of the player several minutes before that. The player then approached the fan and told him something. The fan probably learnt this lesson as he was laughing at himself at the end of the game. Some people might say that it was an accident and that these two injuries have no connection between them but I think that this situation shows us that being mean to people around you might in the end have negative effect on you. After all when you start thinking about it there is a lot of real life examples that prove this point, there is even a saying from the Bible that those you come with the sword will be killed with the same sword. What goes around comes around. You can call it karma or any other word you like but there is a system of justice in the world and sooner or later everyone gets what he deserves. That is why you should be good and kind with other people if you

Diabetes Management Education for a Hispanic female patient Term Paper

Diabetes Management Education for a Hispanic female patient - Term Paper Example Evaluation Tool- Collected Data 8 B. On Whether the Goal Was Achieved or Not, and Why 8 C. How Nurse and Client Will Know Whether Learning Occurred or Not 8 D. Encountered Barriers 9 E. On Whether Methods Choice Address Learning Need 9 F. What Went Well, What to Do Differently Next Time 9 References 10 PART ONE A. Learning Needs Identification The patient is a Hispanic female with diabetes. Given the nature of the disease, a large part of any intervention protocol needs the knowledge and active participation of the patent in order to succeed. Nutrition and the management of the patient pharmacology ate important aspects of that protocol, and form part of the learning needs. There is a good rationale for this one-on-one learning intervention in the literature, given the findings on the ability of conventional individual education or IE to improve patient outcomes for those with diabetes. At the same time, findings on the non-sustainability of those outcomes indicate that there is a ne ed for continuous education, follow-up and monitoring (Sperl-Hillen et al., 2013, p. 104). There is also an identified need for health education among the Hispanic populations in the United States due to the growing prevalence of the disease among this group, in greater numbers than in the rest of the population and greater than the national average, indicating the need for educational intervention (Chukwueke and Cordero-MacIntyre, 2010). Meanwhile the value of culture-specific education on a sustained short-term basis in improving health outcomes among Hispanics with diabetics has also been proven in the literature, indicating that there is hope in a learning program such as this one (Ojo et al., 2010). The perspective on a teaching protocol or intervention that is sensitive to the unique cultural perspectives of Hispanics is also presented in the literature as being of great value in treating Hispanics with diabetes and in radically increasing the effectiveness of such teaching in terventions and protocols (Cutillli, 2006). In this latter regard a study on the use of a culturally relevant presentation form, a fotonovela, in the relaying and effective education of diabetes care and management among Hispanics with diabetes has indeed proven the value of culturally sensitive educational interventions for managing the disease (Unger et al. 2009, pp. 145-147). B. Needs Identification- Assessment Information Employed The diabetes knowledge scale employed in Unger et al. (2009) is used for this program for educating the Hispanic female patient on self-care and management of diabetes. This is appropriate given that even for high school students, the knowledge scale was effective in assessment. As an aside the intentions on behavior consisting of four key questions on behavior are also kept as potential assessment questions for intent in behavior (Unger et al., 2009, pp. 146-147). C. Learning Needs Assessment There is an assessed readiness on the part of the patient t o learn and to improve with regard to being able to treat the disease and keep the consequences under check. The motivation level is high, and given this there is hope that the health outcomes for the patient will be better than in the studies over time. Moreover, with the positive attitude established, there is hope that the educational interventions will yield the effective transfer of knowledge to the patient, resulting in the increase in the

One team around the world Essay Example for Free

One team around the world Essay It is a report for Tesco. It is meant for showing an adult audience of investors how many stores Tesco has around the world. It tells the reader how Tesco is expanding world-wide. This document uses a number of presentation features. It is very formal and factual. There are two different types of charts used, firstly a stacked bar chart to show improvements over a number of years stacked bar chart shows the different areas of the world that Tesco has stores at the same time. Secondly, pie charts show the current situation of different aspects such as the number of employees in the UK, Asia and Europe. The line spacing changes a number of times through out the document. In the introductory paragraph the lines are on at least double spacing, whereas on the table the line spacing is single. To produce this high quality document you would have to use a spread sheet program such as Microsoft Excel to produce the graphs, charts and tables. Also a desktop publisher for the smart layout may have been used. The makers of this document would have use large monitors so they could see the whole thing at once. A colour laser printer would have been used so to produce high quality colour print outs quickly. A mouse, keyboard and processor would have also been used. The document uses tables charts and graphs to show information easily. Design guides have been used to make it satisfying to the eye and easy to make sense of the information. To frame the text large margins have been used. For what it is trying to say, it is very good at it. To improve it I would suggest putting a logo on it some where to make it clearer that it is from Tesco. Gloucestershire Governor Newsletter The document is called The Gloucestershire Governor Newsletter. It is designed for school governors this means it will be angled towards the older generation. It is designed to inform them about current affairs involving members of the Gloucestershire education council. On the front page of the newsletter, the writers have used two quite big pictures of the people featured in the main article; this helps support the text in the article. Bullet points are used to make the information easier to read and take in. Big, bold headings have been used to make it clear what the articles are about. To produce a document like this newsletter, a desktop publishing program would probably have been used so the writer could lay the text, photos and headings out easily. The text would have been drafted in a word processing program. E-mail may have been used to gather the articalls. Also, a program such as Paint Shop Pro might have been used to resize the images. To get the images on to the computer, a digital camera or scanner would have been. As well as a mouse, keyboard and processor an A4 monitor may have been used to allow the document to be viewed a whole page at a time. At the top of the page, there is a large heading saying The Gloucestershire Governor; next to this is the County Councils education logo to tell the reader who produced it. Under this is a text box with the date and issue number in. Then there are two articles, the first of which has two quite big photos with a caption thanking The Citizen. Both articles have a few sentences in bold out lining the contents of the piece. At the bottom of the page, there is a box with a thick border telling the reader whats inside the issue. The document does what it sets out to quite well. The document is easy to read and is very informative. The diction is angled towards the older generation. To improve it, I would standardise all the text to one font and align all of the heading to the centre. To improve it I would put both articles into columns. Year of the Teacher Review The document is a PowerPoint Presentation about the Year of the Teacher. It is aimed at school pupils aged between 11 and 16 year olds. It is designed to tell the pupils how some of the teachers at Deer Park got into teaching. It is meant to promote the Year of the Teacher scheme. On each slide of the presentation there is a photo of the teacher as a child as well as a recent photo of them teaching and a quotation in a speech bubble. The colour scheme is aimed to catch teenagers attention. All the slides have the same format; this is good as it makes it clearer to read and less confusing. To produce this presentation a word processor, such as Microsoft word, may have been used to draft the text content. An image editing program like Paint Shop Pro might have been used to edit and re-size the photos. PowerPoint was used to put all the information together. An Internet browser like Microsoft Internet Explorer may have been used to e-mail ideas around staff and to ask them to bring photos of themselves to him. A scanner and a digital camera would have been used to get the pictures onto the computer. A monitor, mouse and processor would also been used. As it is designed as a presentation you would not need a printer The document does what it is designed for very well. The photos of the teacher when they were teenagers and the music keeps the pupils interested and amused. Maplins: Despatch note to Mr Ling The document is a despatch note to Mr Ling for Maplins. The document is aimed to show customers the items they have ordered and should be in the package from Maplin Electronics. It also includes contact details of the company. The different types of presentation features used are contrasting colours to make it easy to tell the difference between the sections. Because the blue represents the headings, the pink represents the set information like the companys address. And the white has the information that changes for each customer such as what items they have ordered and how much they cost. They have also used A big logo in the corner of the document to distinguish what the company is called. They have used to different fonts to represent the information that appears on everyones bill and the information that changes depending on the persons whos bill it is so this is in a more clearer type. The software that may have been used to produce this document may have included a Desktop Publishing or a word processing package to draft the text and lay out the template. They may also have used a graphical editing program to design the logo. A spread sheet program would have been used to store the customers names and addresses that needed to be merged. The hardware that may have been used to produce a document like this one would have been a monitor, processor, mouse keyboard and, judging by the font and the perforated paper, a dot matrix printer. Dot matrix printers are very fast, cheap and reliable so they are good for printing letters such as this despatch note. However, they are very noisy. The document is clearly laid out so you can see each section. For example the amount to pay has a different colour around it. And it puts each part into a different box to keep every thing separate, so its easy to see the part you want to look at. The document shows what it needs to show without looking to complicate and confusing. To improve it, Maplins could put the total price in a larger font so it is easier to see.

Nuclear power plant

Nuclear power plant Nuclear Power Energy is a beneficial thing that used for humans activity. One of the energy is electricity. The energy can be obtained from coal. However as daily uses of coal, the amount of coal that available on the earth will be decreased and results in no existing coal. Therefore, it is needed to find alternative energy sources to create the energy with no limit of uses. There are some alternative energy sources such as nuclear power, hydropower, wind power, solar power, geothermal energy, tidal power, biomass energy and other alternative energy. There is an alternative energy source that obtained from separating nuclear fission or makes the combination of nuclear fission named as nuclear power. Some countries are using nuclear power plant for generating electricity for them. However, there are several reasons of nuclear energy should be abolished in Indonesia. First of all, in nuclear power productivity, there will be nuclear waste that is harmful. This nuclear waste is very dangerous. The most harmful waste is gamma rays. When our body get in touch with the radiation, it causes tumors and affects in damaging reproductive organs. After around 18 months inside of reactor, the uranium rods must to be changed. The replacement of changing the old rods with new rods takes approximately 2 months. Those old uranium rods are placed in container that located in big water tank which as big as swimming pool. The problem is the water tanks are full of old rods and need another big storage place for them. There are various ideas of putting away those old rods. However, there are no final ideas that decided for this nuclear waste. If the waste is buried underground, it will take million years to decay. In addition, building the nuclear power plant is very risky. Even the security standard is maximizing, but it cant avoid the accident. This accident will affect to both human and environment. The more nuclear power plant building, the higher probability of big failure disaster in the world. There is an example of nuclear power plant accident. According to news, in October 1957, the core of a plutonium producing reactor was damaged by fire at Britain Windscale nuclear complex. Then the clouds of radioactivity went into the atmosphere. There is a report that the leakages of radiation have made a lot of victims in vinicity of Liverpool. Those victims were dead because of the cancer death caused by that radiation. Moreover, there is another case of this nuclear power plant and this is the worst nuclear accident. In 26th April 1986, the Chernobyl nuclear power plant exploded and gets damaged by fire. Then the radiation was released in wide area of Europe countries. The victims are thirty one death people because of the explosion. Hundreds of thousands of people were moved to different area and few of them are suffered of the effect of nuclear radiation. A single radiation of around 1 gray can cause radiation sickness. The acute effects caused by nuclear radiation are nausea, vomiting, diarrhoea, fever and hemorrhage. When people near that nuclear radiation location, they may die in few hours or days. Those acute effects are depending on the level of exposure. Uranium mining is also very harmful for health. Tailing from uranium mining is the largest radioactive waste source that damages peoples health. Indonesia is famous for its wealth of marine and fertile soil. If this nuclear power plant was built in Indonesia, it requires a big land for it as the standard safety quality. When there is error in the productivity, the radioactive material will go down into the sea and pollutes the water. If the water is contaminated, people those consume either water or sea animal will be dead. Furthermore, nuclear waste that comes from nuclear power plant can be used for terrorist attacks. This terrorist act could make huge effects for the whole world. Terrorist may use the radiological destructive bomb. When this bomb explodes, it will release the deadly radioactive particles to the surrounding environment. In United States, there are many radioactive wastes that located at more than 70 nuclear power sites in 31 different states. Dr. Bruce G. Blair (2001) tells that there is dirty bomb contains of deadly mix of dynamite and one of highly radioactive from nuclear fission named as Cesium 137. This tells that instead of building nuclear power plant, some terrorist may get those wastes for creating a deadly radioactive bomb that is very harmful to whole world. Besides using bombs from the nuclear waste, some terrorist can use the commercial jet to attack the nuclear power plant that will give the same damage as radioactive bombs. The reason is the melting of nuclear reactor c ore will be released and there will create serious effects to the environment. Hiroshima bomb only use a simple barrel design and it is created using highly enriched uranium or plutonium. Nuclear power plant should not exist for the world peace with no extensive war with nuclear weapon. The energy source that needed for nuclear power plant productivity is uranium. Uranium is a scarce source that is limited to be used and it is not renewable energy source. The estimated supply of uranium around the world is around 30 until 60 years depends on the demand for nuclear power plant. In the process of nuclear power plant, the uranium ore combined with fluorine to make a chemical compound named uranium hexafluoride. Then this compound is heated and vaporizes. Next, the molecule of uranium hexafluoride is very light and it will go through the filter easily. This will create the uranium hexafluoride with higher proportion 235U and the result is the enriched fuel. It shows that uranium is an important chemical for nuclear power plant productivity. The other energy source that also needed for combination with uranium is called plutonium. Moreover, the cost of running the nuclear power plant is very expensive. The cost of it is divides into 4 types of cost. They are the building construction cost of nuclear power plant, the operational cost of the plant productivity and generating energy; cost of the nuclear disposal waste from plant and cost of deactivating the plant. First is the construction cost of nuclear power plant that are divided into design flaws (the design of plant should be properly made to prevent the leakage and other accident caused by this nuclear power plant), two hurdle licensing (In constructing a new plant, it is required to have both license to build the nuclear power plant and for operating the plant), non uniform design (each design of the building and the equipment should have NRC licensing approval which is very difficult to obtain). Second is the operational cost that used for uranium ore and charge for disposal waste. The price of uranium ore is around 0.05 cents per KW-Hr. In addition, the charge for disposal waste is 0.2 cents per KW-Hr. In 2004, the cost of producing electricity is 1.68 cents per KW-Hr. Third is the waste disposal cost. There are varieties of charge for waste disposal in some countries. In United States, nuclear power operation costs are charged 0.1 cents per KW-Hr only for this nuclear disposal waste. On the other hand, in Sweden, the cost of operations is charged 0.13 US cents per KW-Hr. However, in France, the cost of disposal waste is 10% of the construction cost which is very expensive. Forth is the cost to deactivating the nuclear power plant. In United States, the cost for deactivating the plant is USD $300 million. On the other hand, in British country, the cost of deactivating it is approximately 1 billion pounds each nuclear reactor. In addition, in some countries that have the nuclear power plant and uranium mining, they are possible to use uranium for different purpose such as to make nuclear weapon. This nuclear weapon is very dangerous. In the world war, when Nagasaki was bombed by atomic weapon, there are a lot of victims are dead in that region. If this nuclear weapon is used, the effect will affect to half of earth and kill a lot of populations. The energy of nuclear weapon are divided into 50% as the blast, 35% as thermal radiation (radiation includes infrared, ultraviolet light and soft x-ray in the same time as it explodes) and 15% as nuclear radiation. This radiation cause a very high temperatures around million degrees. Now Indonesia has the uranium mining located in several areas such as Kalimantan and Irian Jaya. If Indonesia make the nuclear weapon, it wont give safety to Indonesian people because the radiation still can affect to Indonesia with long range radius of explosion. Last but not least, another alternative energy sources are valuable than nuclear power. Nuclear power can only supply the electricity. However, nuclear power cannot replace the oil and gas that are used for vehicle and for heating. In general energy usage, our daily consumption is 86% for both oil and gas, another 14% is the electricity. The use of fossil fuels as alternative energy source creates low carbon energy quicker and the cost is cheaper. In addition, it is safer and it is not hard to get the license to build the plant compared with nuclear power plant. Another alternative energy source like solar power is also very efficient and the material for it is categorized as scarce source because it takes sunlight power to get energy. The other alternative energy sources that have no limit of uses are tidal power, wind power, geothermal power and biomass. Some houses are using solar power for water heater so it cheaper because it doesnt need any electricity. In the solar power produ ctivity, there will be no significant waste and it is environmental friendly. Tidal power uses the pressure and power of sea water that generates electricity using the turbine. This tidal power productivity does not cause any pollution of other thread that can damage environment so it is environmental friendly. In addition, in Indonesia, there are some areas that have a huge wind and build a wind power plant for generating electricity is a good idea. The reason is because it doesnt cause any harmful waste and it is a renewable energy comes from wind. Furthermore, Indonesia can use geothermal energy source as solution for electricity. Indonesia has huge lands and it is possible to make this geothermal plant that uses the heat of underground to produce electricity. The deeper location of geothermal generator, the temperature will be higher and produce more electricity. In Indonesia, biomass can be another good solution for supplying electricity because there are a lot of food wastes. In the process, that waste is useful to heat the generator and create electricity. Compared with nuclear power that can cause many environmental problems and harmful, another alternative energy source is highly recommended to be used for safety reason. To conclude, nuclear power plant should not be built in Indonesia. There are a lot of disadvantages of nuclear power productivity that may damage to surrounding environment. However there are another alternative energy sources that can be selected to be used for generating electricity effectively with minimum risk.

Nestle is a food manufacturer. It Essay -- Business and Management Stu

Nestle is a food manufacturer. It Investigating How A Business Works Nestle is a food manufacturer. It is a very big company, which is known as an international food company, because its products are used, and known all over the world. The head quarters are in Switzerland. In the UK there are 30 factories. The head quarters in the UK are in Croydon, Surrey. Nestle is the largest food company in the world. It has over 15,000 products, 500 factories in 80 different countries and at least 230,000 employees. Nestle products range from sweets to normal food like pasta. Their brands include Rowntrees, Crosse & Blackwell and Friskies. There are five different groups for the food. They are, beverages, milk products, prepared food and cooking aids, chocolate and confectionery and pharmaceutical products. After being founded in 1867 by Henri Nestle, Nestle sales have increased more and more over the years. Nestle arrived in Britain in 1868. The head quarters for research are in Vers -chez - les - blanc, in Switzerland. Nestle may be a bigger and better company than it was, but like every other company in the world it has aims and objectives. Nestles aims are: * To be competitive because over the years they have found out that customers have looked for competitive pricing and promotions. * To get a profitable growth. * To higher the UK sales and not forgetting other countries in the world that buy Nestle products. * To carry on improving their market shares. * To sell more than competitors like well known and loved companies like Cadburys and Mars. Nestle also has objectives such as: * To make improvements to their products so that customers will enjoy them more. * To carry on producing new products to keep customers happy. To succeed in completing their aims and objectives, Nestle knows it won’t be easy. So to maintain them Nestle will carry on giving lots of commitment to the companies standards in training, development and employment practices, which will then hopefully make them an even better company! Functional Areas Human Resources The Human Resources (HR) in the UK for Nestle are in Croydon in Surrey. This is the headquarters. In each of the seventeen factories in the UK, each employs about 10,800 staff. The role of the Nestle HR department is to recruit, retain and dismiss staff. T... ...eir organisational charts. Although in Nestle problems can occur in meeting their objectives like to make lots of profit if something happens in one of the levels, which could mean that no new designs for chocolate are being made, and etc. This then could stop Nestle gaining in their profit all because one level didn’t pass on designs from the level below to the next level. In EVT this could also happen if an employee is ill and doesn’t ring the employer because EVT would not be able to do as much work as normal which could lose customers because if coils are ordered from somewhere for the next day and they don’t get there because an employee is off, he might go to another business for coils because they will get them there on time. Sources To find out all the information I needed to do my project on Nestle I used the Internet by going to Nestles website which is www.nestle.co.uk. I also contacted Nestle via email to request information booklets and etc so I would be able to do my project. They then sent information booklets to me via post. The other sources I used were my father because he works for EVT and the GNVQ Business Studies book and my GNVQ teacher. Nestle is a food manufacturer. It Essay -- Business and Management Stu Nestle is a food manufacturer. It Investigating How A Business Works Nestle is a food manufacturer. It is a very big company, which is known as an international food company, because its products are used, and known all over the world. The head quarters are in Switzerland. In the UK there are 30 factories. The head quarters in the UK are in Croydon, Surrey. Nestle is the largest food company in the world. It has over 15,000 products, 500 factories in 80 different countries and at least 230,000 employees. Nestle products range from sweets to normal food like pasta. Their brands include Rowntrees, Crosse & Blackwell and Friskies. There are five different groups for the food. They are, beverages, milk products, prepared food and cooking aids, chocolate and confectionery and pharmaceutical products. After being founded in 1867 by Henri Nestle, Nestle sales have increased more and more over the years. Nestle arrived in Britain in 1868. The head quarters for research are in Vers -chez - les - blanc, in Switzerland. Nestle may be a bigger and better company than it was, but like every other company in the world it has aims and objectives. Nestles aims are: * To be competitive because over the years they have found out that customers have looked for competitive pricing and promotions. * To get a profitable growth. * To higher the UK sales and not forgetting other countries in the world that buy Nestle products. * To carry on improving their market shares. * To sell more than competitors like well known and loved companies like Cadburys and Mars. Nestle also has objectives such as: * To make improvements to their products so that customers will enjoy them more. * To carry on producing new products to keep customers happy. To succeed in completing their aims and objectives, Nestle knows it won’t be easy. So to maintain them Nestle will carry on giving lots of commitment to the companies standards in training, development and employment practices, which will then hopefully make them an even better company! Functional Areas Human Resources The Human Resources (HR) in the UK for Nestle are in Croydon in Surrey. This is the headquarters. In each of the seventeen factories in the UK, each employs about 10,800 staff. The role of the Nestle HR department is to recruit, retain and dismiss staff. T... ...eir organisational charts. Although in Nestle problems can occur in meeting their objectives like to make lots of profit if something happens in one of the levels, which could mean that no new designs for chocolate are being made, and etc. This then could stop Nestle gaining in their profit all because one level didn’t pass on designs from the level below to the next level. In EVT this could also happen if an employee is ill and doesn’t ring the employer because EVT would not be able to do as much work as normal which could lose customers because if coils are ordered from somewhere for the next day and they don’t get there because an employee is off, he might go to another business for coils because they will get them there on time. Sources To find out all the information I needed to do my project on Nestle I used the Internet by going to Nestles website which is www.nestle.co.uk. I also contacted Nestle via email to request information booklets and etc so I would be able to do my project. They then sent information booklets to me via post. The other sources I used were my father because he works for EVT and the GNVQ Business Studies book and my GNVQ teacher.

Ðrama work centered on a mystery bag

This section of our drama work centred on a mystery bag, we made various scenes and sketches about it, this acted as preparation for our final piece. Our first lessons work with the bag was brainstorming its possible owners, uses and just using imagination to create some sense of mystery about the bag. When then, in subsequent lessons had to create short plays about possible owners and uses of the bag, and also how it had come to different people. Among these one of the plays I performed was of a lawyer, losing the bag containing all of his important papers etc, for this short scene we had to find and bring in a piece of music to accompany it. Another thing we did that incorporated the bag was a set of five still images depicting an action scene that focused on the bag, for this we also used music to help create a certain atmosphere. All of this work was groundwork for our final piece, our guidelines were as follows: Make a five – ten minute play about the bag that incorporates a piece of music and one or more drama conventions. In planning our play we brainstormed and developed different ideas, and then picked the one we thought that we could act out best and the one that could be developed most. The idea that we chose was one that had already been discussed in class, but not been looked into any real detail. Here is a brief description of our play: Beginning: A museum with a guide showing visitors around the old artefacts and treasures, they come across the old wreckage of the Isabella II ship, the guide tells of how the ship sunk, they then move to watch a short video of how this happened. Middle: We act out the video of how the ship didn't sink accidentally, and how really the ships captain and his conspirators sank it on purpose in order to gain the insurance money. Ending: We come back to the museum and the guide finishes things off by showing the visitors the captain's bag that carried the plans and blueprints. We soon came across a problem in making our play; we only had three people in our group but over 10 characters (some only extras). We managed to overcome this by using different props and costume to distinguish between the people. Another setback that we came to in making our play was trying to act out being on a ship etc without having a great deal of furniture etc with which to make our set. I think that our final performance went quite well, our only problem was improvising with being on a stage, we hadn't practised like that, so we had to adapt, but other then that it went well. The audience seemed to think that it was ok, no one boo-ed and we got clapped at the end. I think its possible that if we did the play again then we could improve it; spacial awareness and positioning could have been better, but other then that I think our play was good. All in all I think that our performance was done to an adequate level and I was quite happy with it.

Anheuser-Busch Inbev Analysis

Contents 1. Introduction2 2. Advantages of investing in China2 2. 1 Abundant human and energy resources2 2. 2 Development in relevant infrastructure and openness to international trade3 3. Disadvantages of investing in China3 3. 1 Low income of people3 3. 2 technology and unequal investment3 4. Benefits for FDI in China4 4. 1 Economy is affected in many ways4 4. 2 trade expansion4 5. Evidence of the negative effect for FDI in China4 5. 1 FDI threaten local enterprises and capital transfer4 5. 2 Unbalanced investing5 5. 3 Environmental problems5 6. Suggestion5 7. Conclusion6 8.Bibliography7 The impact of foreign direct investment in China Introduction Foreign direct investment (hereafter referred to as FDI) has created significant impacts in China after the Opening-Reform in the late 1970s, China has been successful in attracting FDI, which has been played an crucial role in the economic development of China. China has now become the second largest foreign direct investment (FDI) bene ficiary country in the world following the US. Annual FDI inflow was below $US100 in 1979, but exceeded $US580 billion in 2006, with an annual growth rate of close to 30%. Fung et al. 2004). This trend is expected to continue in the foreseeable future, especially given the country’s entry into the WTO. Many advantages can be identified in FDI, including boost employment rate, calculate capitals and increase domestic competitive. On the other hand, there are also some drawbacks of FDI in China. This essay will start with a display of the advantages and disadvantages of investing in China, then describe benefits and drawbacks brought by FDI and finally provide several correspondence suggestions.Advantages of investing in China 2. 1 Abundant human and energy resources China has a large population of approximately 1. 3 billion indicating a huge consumption power and market. The purchasing power of Chinese people is increasing dramatically in the last decade, which means China cou ld attract more and more FDI in the future. (Tarun, 2012). Furthermore, China has resource availability and low cost of labor force, which means investors can easily employ enough workers with a relatively low cost. The country is also rich in energy resources.Foreign corporations could obtain a variety of resources when investing in China. China is the largest producer of coal in the world is an appropriate example for this. (Zhang, 2002 see in Tarun, 2012). Therefore, China is an excellent destination for investment. (Callaghan & Cassidy, 2003 see in Tarun, 2012). 2. 2 Development in relevant infrastructure and openness to international trade China has been striving to improve related infrastructure, which contributes to attract FDI. For example, highways, railways and interior transport waterways have adjusted according to the host province.It is always true that the availability of physical infrastructure significantly influences the decision of investment particularly in a fore ign land. Moreover, China has implemented economic reforms and Open Door policies. Meanwhile, China has put efforts in promoting trade by adopting several bilateral and unilateral trade arrangements and actions such as reducing tariff barriers. (Tarun, 2012). Disadvantages of investing in China 3. 1 Low income of people There are some disadvantages for investing in China. Firstly, the income of people is relatively low in China.The production capacity is growing but the low per capital income may lead to periodically saturation, which makes it difficult for foreign companies to develop. (Tarun, 2012). . 3. 2 technology and unequal investment In terms of technology disparity and lack of labor qualification in some certain areas may also need to improve. Furthermore, unequal investments in different sectors are another key disadvantage in China. For example, there is saturation in traditional sectors but not many investments in chemical and automobile sectors.There are still some barr iers in the areas of administrative enforcement and non-tariff measures. Even some changes are taking place, many tasks needed to be accomplished to construct the legal system which benefits market economy. The existing legal basis, legislation procedure and operating mechanism are not fully suitable with the requirements of market economy (Rongala, 2007 see in Tarun, 2012). Benefits for FDI in China 4. 1 Economy is affected in many ways The benefits brought by FDI to China are apparent. Economy is influenced by FDI in a number of ways.FDI involves transfer knowledge in the host country, which will create an increase on the existing stock of knowledge through labor training, the transfer of skills, and the transferring of new managerial and organizational experience. Also, it can help local corporations to access to advanced technology by capital accumulation in host countries (Mello, 1999 and Mello, 1997). Furthermore, FDI may allow China to develop in technology and knowledge whic h are not readily available locally, as a consequent increase productivity growth through the economy (Jose, 2003). . 2 trade expansion China’s expansion in trade is accompanied by the increase of FDI and growing trade by foreign invested enterprises. (Fung, 2002) Contribution of FDI has increased dramatically since the early 1980s, especially in the 1990s. During 1980 and 1985, trade by FDI constituted less than 0. 6% of total export and 2. 1% of total import. The shares went up to 7. 3% and 12. 8% respectively in the second half of 1980s. In the 1990s, trade by FDI accelerated and their share in China’s total trade increased to 44% and 53% for the years 1996 and 2000.The rise in FDI share in total trade indicates the growing contribution of FDI in the growth of China’s trade. (Fung, 2002). Evidence of the negative effect for FDI in China 5. 1 FDI threaten local enterprises and capital transfer The local firms may lose markets due to low productivity or less ad vanced technology because the real significant assessment of FDI may be organized on a high indispensable status for the long term national satisfaction, which involves multinational corporations (MNCs). As a result, massive amounts of people will be unemployed, which may lead to social instability. Sarumi and Adewumi 2006) Also if proper regulation does not exist in the host country, FDI can serve as a source of capital flight from the developing countries to the developed ones. For instance, due to some specific risks in the host country (economic and political risks), there could be large flow of capital transfer from the host country to the home country if there is no legislation against such practice. This may create an adverse effect on the host economy especially if such capital is sourced for within the host country. 5. 2 Unbalanced investingThe disparity of the poor and the wealth is increasing result from FDI tend to invest in coastal areas, which causes an unbalanced deve lop in economy between western areas and coastal regions. 5. 3 Environmental problems Result from MNCs’ higher production capacity, FDI could lead to a number of environmental problems which sometimes is not well taken care of or neglected especially in the mining sector by local government (Bora 2002 see in Sarumi and Adewumi 2006). Suggestion Given the negative side of FDI in China, government should take actions to address the problems.Firstly, local enterprises could be protected by a heavy tax on purchasing products of foreign companies. Moreover, government should assist local firms through funding. Secondly, it is advisable to implement the strategy of encouraging FDI through the development of regional central cities in the west. Also, Special and preferential policies for the specific projects should be provided by the government in the west that conforms with the industrial development in the area. Some particular regions should possess the flexibility of making pol icies in accordance with the local situation.It is important to notice that narrowing the economy gap can attract more FDI as well. Finally, appropriate law and regulations should be made or strengthened to constrain the capital transfer from host country to home nation and protect the environment. Conclusion China has made a great improvement in its reforms to open up its market for foreign direct investment. This assay describes the advantages and disadvantages of FDI in China, then analysis several benefits and negative impacts brought by FDI. Some suggestions also are provided.Foreign direct investment is still concentrated in the southeast and the coastal areas, which should be addressed by making policies and loosing regulations in western countries. However, there are some limitations in the project, for example, the increasing number of FDI cause the productivity and technology spillover is not covered, which will be researched in the future. Bibliography FUNG, K. C. , HITOM I, I. , and SARAH, T. , ed. , 2002. conference on ? China’? s Economy in the 21st Century? to be held on June 24-25, 2002, Hong Kong: Foreign Direct Investment in China: Policy, Trend and Impact.GALINA, H. , and CHERYL, L. , 2011. Are there productivity spillovers from Foreign direct investment? Pacific Economic Review, 16(2), 135-153 HAIYING, W. , 2004. economic research center discussion paper: A Comprehensive Evaluation of and Policy Recommendation to Foreign Direct Investment Environments in Western China. Nagoya University. KELLY, L. , 2011. Foreign Direct Investment in China Manufacturing Industry –Transformation from a Low Tech to High Tech Manufacturing. International Journal of Business and Management, 6(7), 15-27. SARUMI, A. , 2006.The Impact of FDI on Growth in Developing Countries: An African Experience. Master thesis, J. NK. PING University. SIZHONG, S. , (2011). Foreign Direct Investment and Technology Spillovers in China’s Manufacturing Sector. Th e Chinese Economy, 44(2), 25-42. TARUN, K. B. , (2012) Advantages and Disadvantages of FDI in China and India, international Business Research, 5(5), 164-174. USMAN, M. , MIR, H. , and AAMIR, M. , 2011. Does Market Size Affect Foreign Direct Investment? A Case of China. Interdisciplinary Journal of Contemporary Research in Business, 3(7), 1026-1033.